Anti-Inflammatory Activity Screening of Methanolic Extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum Root

D. Benito Johnson¹*, R. Sivasakthi², Ashwini. M¹, R. Venkatanarayanan³

¹Department of Pharmacology, RVS College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sulur, Coimbatore – 641402.

²Department of Pharmacy Practice, RVS College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sulur, Coimbatore – 641402.

³Department of Pharmacognosy, RVS College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sulur, Coimbatore – 641402.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: benitopharma@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Introduction: An inflammatory response appears after activation of immune response. Inflammation is a response to remove the primary cause of cell injury. Dead cells, damage tissue sand initiate the repair process. Inflammation may be of two types acute and chronic. Medicinal plants has a potential source of therapeutic aid has a attended a significant role in all over the world for both human and animals not only in the disease condition but also a potential for maintaining a proper health. The plant Bryophyllum pinnatum species (roots) are evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. Aim: Anti-inflammatory activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum was evaluated using Carrageenan induced paw oedema, Histamine induced paw oedema and Egg white induced paw oedema. Materials and Methods: To prepare methanolic extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum roots and investigate the anti-inflammatory activity by Carrageenan induced paw oedema, Histamine induced paw oedema and Egg white induced paw oedema. Result: The result obtained indicates that the extract found to have significant (p<0.0001) anti-inflammatory activity in rats. The extract at the test doses 200mg/kg reduced the oedema induced by carrageenan by 41.26% at 3 h, whereas the standard drug showed 47.35% of inhibition ass compared to the control group. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum are safe upto 500mg/kg for continues administration and it can be used as anti inflammatory agent without any harmful effects

KEYWORDS: Inflammation, Oedema, Therapeutic aid, anti-inflammatory activity, Histamine.

INTRODUCTION:

Rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory disease condition has become a major health concern of the world, especially to the geriatric community. Most of the NSAIDS and other steroidal drugs used for long time may lead to health problems such as gastric bleeding ulcers kidney damage and these Side effects may be minimal with the herbal medicines. Inflammation may be of two types acute and chronic.

Acute inflammation is a primary response towards a harmful stimulus and it is developed by the body due to increased movement of leukocyte plasma from the blood into damages cells and tissues. Acute inflammation may be prolonged into chronic inflammation which leads to change in nature of the cells at the inflammatory site. the interaction between microbial invasion and inflammatory response of the body is described as infection. People suffer from inflammation: they feel pain discomfort and stiffness. Pain may be constant and steady. pain is defined as unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual and potential damage. pain may be acute or chronic. nociceptive pain is due to stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers. Plant Bryophyllum pinnatum was conformed that shows antileishmanial activity, antimutagenic activity, anti ulcer activity, anti bacterial activity as a immunosuppressive activity, anti hypersensitive, anti inflammatory activity analgesic activity and wound healing activity. The pharmacological studies so far have mostly been performed in vitro and in vivo with animals .it could be concluded that Bryophyllum pinnatum is rich source of compounds investing chemical structure as various biological active products. Hence, the study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant Bryophyllum pinnatum.

AIM: Anti-inflammatory activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum was evaluated using Carrageenan induced paw oedema, Histamine induced paw oedema and Egg white induced paw oedema.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Plant Profile:

Kalanchoe pinnata, formerly known as Bryophyllum pinnatum, also known as the air plant, cathedral bells, life plant, miracle leaf, and Goethe plant is a succulent plant native to Madagascar, which is a popular houseplant and has become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas. The root image is given in Figure -1.

Figure – 1 Bryophyllum pinnatum Root

METHODOLOGY:

To prepare methanolic extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum roots and investigate the anti-inflammatory activity by Carrageenan induced paw oedema, Histamine induced paw oedema and Egg white induced paw oedema. The acute pharmacological studies are carried out at RVS college of pharmaceutical sciences (RVSCOPS/IAEC-2020-2021) the form B was approved by IAEC members for the animal species, and further parameters of the study has been evaluated.

Selection of dose for the study:

The acute toxicity of methanolic extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum Linn. Roots were determined as per the OECD guideline no.423 (Acute Toxic Class Method). It was observed that the test extract was not lethal to the rats even at 2000mg/kg dose. Hence, 1/10th (200mg/kg) and 1/5th (400mg/kg) of this dose were selected for further study. Here to confirm the dose a small trial has been performed in my lab with various concentration of the plant extract and the lethal was confirmed with 2000mg/kg.

Method chosen for the extraction Continous Hot Percolation Process:

The extraction chamber is designed so that when the solvent surrounding the sample exceeds a certain level it overflows and trickles back down into the boiling flask. At the end of the extraction process, which lasts a few hours, the flask containing the solvent and lipid is removed. In some device a funnel allows to recover the solvent at the end of the extraction after closing a stopcock between the funnel and the extraction chamber. The solvent in the flask is then evaporated and the mass of the remaining lipid is measured. The percentage of lipid in the initial sample can then be calculated. It was given in Figure- 2.

Figure: 2 Soxhlet Apparatus

RESULT:

Carrageenan induced paw oedema:

The result obtained indicates that the extract found to have significant (p<0.0001) anti-inflammatory activity in rats. The extract at the test doses 200mg/kg reduced the oedema induced by carrageenan by 41.26% at 3 h, whereas the standard drug showed 47.35% of inhibition ass compared to the control group. Standard: diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg b.w.), A/c 150: methanolic extract at dose 300 mg/kg b.w. Each value is the mean ± S.E.M. for 6 rats ap< 0.05; bp< 0.01; cp<0.0001 compared with control. The results of methanolic extract on carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats is shown in table -1.

Table: 1 Effect of methanolic extract of BP on carrageenan induced rat paw oedema

Groups	Dose mg/kg	Paw volume (ml)
Groups	Dose mg/kg	0 h	1 h	3 h	6 h	12 h
Control	1%CMC	0.76 ± 0.00861	0.76± 0.00861	0.76± 0.0861	0.76± 0.00861	0.76 ± 0.00861
Negative Control	-	1.205± 0.009916	1.730± 0.03759	2.302±0.01138	2.060±0.01571	1.637±0.02028
Standard	100	1.192± 0.02212	1.590± 0.0550a	1.212±0.01537c	1.135±0.01544c	1.173± 0.009888c
B.P	200	1.185± 0.02487	1.640±0.04074	1.352±0.01621c	1.288±0.007923c	1.267±0.01256c

Table-2 Effect of BP extract on Histamine induced paw oedema in rats

Treatment	Dose mg/ kg	Paw oedema (ml) Mean ± S.E.M (% inhibition)
Treatment	Dose mg/ kg	1st hour	2nd hour	3rd hour	4th hour	5th hour
Control	5ml	0.27±0.002	0.27±0.002	0.27±0.002	0.27±0.002	0.27±0.002
Negative Control	-	0.68±0.005	1.02±0.010	1.18±0.011	0.96±0.008	0.85±0.08
Standard	10	0.30±0.003* (55.88)	0.39±0.003* (61.76)	0.49±0.003* (58.47)	0.49±0.005* (48.95)	0.36±0.003* (57.64)
BP	500	0.49±0.003* (55.88)	0.47±0.005* (61.76)	0.49±0.012* (58.47)	0.39±0.008* (51.04)	0.30±005* (54.11)

Histamine induced paw oedema:

The results obtained indicate that extract had significant anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats when compared with that of the control groups (p<0.001). The potency was found to be inversely proportional to the time taken for reduction in paw volume. The methanolic abstract showed the dose dependent activity. The methanolic abstract of BP reduced oedema 61.76%, when compared with untreated control groups and thus it is considered as a significant treatment. The results of methanolic extract on histamine induced paw oedema in rats. n=6, p<0.001(significant) when compared to c-II; statistical analysis was done by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni‟s test. Which was given in Table -2.

Egg white induced paw oedema:

The swiss albino rats weighing between 150-200g were divided into four groups. Each consists of 6 animals, one group served as a control. The second group served as negative control (received piroxicam gel). The third group served by administration of 0.005 ml of undiluted fresh egg white in the sub-plantar region82. Fouth group served as a test. The paw volume was measured at 0 hr-3 hr after the injection of fresh undiluted egg white using plethysmograph. It was illustrated in the figure-3

Figure: 1 Egg white induced paw oedema

CONCLUSION:

The present study was an attempt to investigate the anti inflammatory activity of bryophyllumpinnatum roots. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavanoids, tannins, triterpens, phenolic compounds which is expected to be responsible for anti inflammatory activity. Thus it may be concluded that the above results supports the traditional use of this plant in some inflammatory conditions and confirm the presence of active compounds in the alkaloidal fraction from methanolic extract of the root of Bryophyllum pinnatum.

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Received on 28.09.2021 Modified on 02.11.2021

Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2022;14(1):1-3.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2022.00001